REVIEW OF APRIL 2024 EGG PRODUCTION COSTS AND STATISTICS.

Commencing in January 2024 the EIC justifiably separated the production costs and unit revenue values for eggs derived from caged and cage-free flocks. Accordingly, EGG-NEWS will continue to summarize data but will consolidate production and export statistics for the U.S. egg industry as a total and compare financial data for the two shell-egg categories.

APRIL HIGHLIGHTS

• April 2024 USDA ex-farm blended USDA nest-run, benchmark price for conventional eggs from caged hens was 190 cents per dozen, up 3 cents per dozen or 1.6 percent from the March 2024 value of 187 cents per dozen. For comparison, average monthly USDA benchmark price over 2023 was 146.0 cents per dozen with a range of 323 cents per dozen in January down to a low of 57 cents in May. Stock levels and prices prior to the onset of flock depletions due to HPAI indicated a relative seasonal balance between supply and demand. Future nest-run and wholesale prices will be largely dependent on consumer demand for shell eggs and products and the rate of replacement of pullets and hens depleted due to HPAI. Other considerations include diversion to shell sales from the egg-breaking sector in an interconnected industry.
• Fluctuation in wholesale price is attributed in part to the amplification of upward and downward swings associated with the commercial benchmark price discovery system in use. A substantial but transitory rise in price occurred during February but with a sharp decline thereafter to a mid-March plateau, extending into late April. A 30 percent decline occurred over the past two weeks into May. An unknown factor in future pricing will be the incidence rate and severity of highly pathogenic avian influenza over late spring months with northward migration of waterfowl. Close to 13 million hens and 2.5 million pullets were depopulated during the fourth quarter of 2023 among five states with heavy losses in California. Approximately 8.4 million hens were depleted in two outbreaks (TX and MI) through mid-April.
• April 2024 USDA average nest-run production cost for conventional eggs from caged flocks over four regions (excluding SW and West), applying updated inputs was up 0.3 cents per dozen to 75.6 cents per dozen compared to the March 2024 value of 75.3 cents per dozen, mainly attributable to a 0.6 percent higher average feed cost per dozen. Approximately 60 cents per dozen should be added to the USDA benchmark nest-run cost to cover processing, packing material and transport to establish a realistic price as delivered to warehouses.
• April 2024 USDA benchmark nest-run margin for conventional eggs attained a positive value of 114.4 cents per dozen compared to a positive margin of 111.7 cents per dozen for February 2024. Average nest-run monthly margin over 2023 was 64.2 cents per dozen compared to 155 cents per dozen in 2022. This differential was mainly due to higher prices following HPAI-depletion of flocks. It is emphasized that the U.S. benchmark price reflects nest-run conventional eggs.
• The April 2024 national flock in production (over 30,000 hens per farm) was stated by the USDA to be down 0.1 million hens (rounded) to 297.1 compared to the revised March 2024 value of 295.5 million. This figure apparently takes into account depletion of 4.2million hens during December 2023 that were not recorded in the month. Approximately 3.0 million hens returned to production from molt in April together with projected maturation of 23.1 million pullets, with this number offset by depletion of spent flocks. During the fourth quarter of 2023 approximately 13 million hens and 2.5 million pullets were depopulated due to HPAI in five states and 8.4 million were depopulated in April
• March 2024 pullet chick hatch of 28.3 million was up 2.9 percent or 0.8 million chicks from February 2024.
• March 2024 exports of shell eggs and products combined was down 3.3 percent from February 2024 to 620,400 case equivalents representing the theoretical production of 8.2 million hens. The increase was attributed to greater demand for shell eggs by Canada and offset by reduced imports of egg products by Japan, South Korea and the E.U. among other importing countries.

TABLES SHOWING KEY PARAMETERS FOR APRIL 2024.

Summary tables for the latest USDA April 2024 flock statistics, costs and unit prices made available by the EIC on May 7^th 2024 are arranged, summarized, tabulated and compared with values from the previous April 8^th 2024 posting reflecting March 2024 costs and production data as applicable. Monthly comparisons of production data and costs are based on revised USDA value

VOLUMES OF PRODUCTION REFLECTING THE ENTIRE INDUSTRY

* USDA Revised

 * Revised USDA/EIC

Note 1. Texas excluded to maintain confidentiality

PROPORTION OF U.S. TOTAL HENS BY STATE, 2024¹

Based on a nominal denominator of 300 million hens in flocks over 30,000 covering 94.6 percent of the U.S complement.

USDA has amended inclusion of specific states in regions and eliminated Texas data to protect confidentiality of Company flock

Sizes

1. Values rounded to 0.1%

*USDA data is questioned based on known values for hen depopulation and pullet placements with discrepancies in stated values during the 4^th quarter of 2023 and thereafter.

Rate of Lay, weighted hen-week (USDA) 82.0% March 2024. 82.8% April 2024

*Revised, using data from USDA Livestock, Dairy and Poultry Outlook April 17^th 2023 taking into account demand from the food service sector and presumably including the effect of HPAI depopulation.

EGG INVENTORIES AT BEGINNING OF APRIL 2024:

EGGS BROKEN UNDER FSIS INSPECTION (MILLION CASES)

FEBRUARY 2024, 6.12*  March 2024, 6.39

EXPORTS MARCH 2024: (Expressed as shell-equivalent cases of 360 eggs).

*Representing 2.8 percent of National production in March 2024 (3.1 percent in February 2024).

COSTS AND UNIT REVENUE VALUES¹ FOR CONVENTIONAL EGGS FROM CAGED HENS

Notes: 1. Excludes SW and West

Components of Production cost per dozen:-

Ex Farm Margin (rounded to nearest cent) according to USDA values reflecting April 2024:-

190.0 cents per dozen¹- 75.6 cents per dozen =114.4 cents per dozen (March 2024 comparison: 187.0 cents per dozen – 75.3 cents per dozen = 111.7 cents per dozen.

Note 1: USDA Blended nest-run egg price

*USDA Revision

COSTS AND UNIT REVENUE FOR EGGS FROM CAGE-FREE HENS

Components of Production cost for cage-free eggs, per dozen:-

Ex Farm Margin (rounded to nearest cent) according to USDA values reflecting April 2024:-

Cage-Free brown 212 cents per dozen¹- 95.3 cents per dozen = 116.7 cents per dozen

March 2024250 cents per dozen – 94.9 cents per dozen = 155.1 cents per dozen

1. 
   Contract price, nest-run loose Range 155 to 244 c/doz. Negotiated average 212 c/doz.

* Conventional (non-organic) feed

Feed prices used were the average national and regional values for caged flocks. Excludes Organic feeds.

COMMENTARY ON APRIL 2024 STATISTICS AND COSTS

The USDA reports data for five regions, respectively comprising the Northeast, Southeast (Mid-Atlantic), South Central, Midwest, and West (NW and California combined or deleted in some tables).

From January 2024 three Pacific Coast states were combined as the West Region. Southwest excluded to maintain confidentiality while providing representative U.S. data. Costs include fixed components (interest, depreciation and overhead) and variable components (feed, pullet depreciation, labor) recalculated in May 2023 by the EIC based on surveys. An adjustment factor reflecting transport was introduced in February 2024. Some USDA data reflecting retail prices, pullet hatch, exports and flock numbers is delayed by a month

PRODUCTION DATA FOR APRIL 2024 COMBINING CAGED AND CAGE-FREE FLOCKS

• According to USDA, the estimated average complement of U.S. hens in flocks over 30,000 during March 2024 amounted to 297.1 million, reflecting a net 1.5 million hen (0.5 percent) increase in flock size during the month. Data for 2024 to date reflect the previously delayed adjustments for depopulations during the fourth quarter of 2023 that were not incorporated in weekly USDA reports. Losses and routine depletion were offset by pullet replacements second cycle hens and retained flocks. The average total U.S. flock including hens in molt on all farms counted by the USDA amounted to 312.9 million in March 2024. The average end-of-year flock sizes over the past five years respectively were:- 2019, (341.6 million); 2020, (325.5 million); 2021, (331.6 million); 2022, (310.0 million) and 2023, (311.4 million). The December 1^st 2024 flock was projected to be 329.6 million hens during May 2024 applying the EIC model. With replacements, molting and delayed depopulation it is estimated that the national flock now comprises 18 to 20 million fewer hens than before the advent of the H5N1 HPAI epornitic in 2022. In the absence of a vaccine only effective biosecurity will help protect flocks going forward.

• Pullet chick hatch attained 28.3 million in March 2024, up 0.8 million from an adjusted February 2024 value. During late January 2024 egg prices rose above the seasonal average possibly influencing demand for chicks together with the need to compensate for depopulated pullet and hen flocks.

• The total in-molt and post-molt population of hens in the 5-Regions monitored by the USDA fell to 10.9 percent of the national flock in April 2024, compared to 11.2 percent for the previous month. Annual averages for molt and post-molt combined were 12.8 percent in 2023; 14.0 percent in 2022 and 14.4 percent in 2021. The historical high value of 23.8 percent in 2016 was due to the loss of hens during the 2015 HPAI epornitic. This situation will not be revisited in 2024.

• During the fourth quarter of 2023 the average monthly transfer of pullets to laying houses was 25.2 million compared to 24.9 million in the third quarter. Revised data anticipate the transfer of 23.1 million pullets per month during the first quarter and 22.0 million in the second quarter of 2024. Pullet transfers will increase to 26.4 and 25.0 million in July and August respectively.

• The projected hatchery supply flock (parent generation) peaked at 3.1 million hens in June 2022. The previous high parent-flock of 3.1 million hens in production was in June 2015, coinciding with the end of the HPAI epornitic in that year. Parent hens then declined to a low of 2.5 million during the fourth quarter of 2016. During 2023 the flock size for parent hens averaged 2.4 million over the fourth quarter of 2023 and is projected at 2.5 million during the first and second quarters of 2024. The size of the parent flock is unlikely to be revised based on pullet chick orders influenced by the demand to replace depopulated pullets and hens and in response to possible higher producer margins. It is understood that production of additional pullet chicks is unlikely given forward planning by breeder-hatcheries and full utilization of facilities.

• Average hen-week production of 82.8 percent in April 2024 compares to a revised value of 82.0 percent in March 2024. This reflects a high proportion of younger hens in the national flock with many first-cycle hens and early second-cycle hens in production. (Alternatively the USDA may be incorrectly counting hens). Average rate of lay in 2023 was 81.8 percent. The average rate of lay during any period is a function of the proportion of pullets placed, the rate of depletion of flocks and retention of molted hens for a second cycle. Average flock production declines as the weighted flock age increases or conversely will rise due to early depletion thereby increasing the proportion of young hens in their first cycle.

• The April 24^th edition of the USDA Poultry Slaughter Report documented 2.58 million light spent-hens processed under FSIS inspection during March 2024, 5.5 percent more than the previous month of February 2024 but 15.0 percent lower than in march 2023. These differences are an indication that flocks are being retained. Slaughter in U.S. plants represents a small proportion in comparison to the presumed depletion of 15 million hens per month with most hens either rendered or consigned to landfills. Provided housing space is available, prevailing prices will result in retention of flocks with more routine or previously scheduled flocks molted.

APRIL 2024 COST AND UNIT REVENUE DATA FOR CONVENTIONAL EGGS FROM CAGED FLOCKS.

• The USDA ex farm benchmark blended egg price in April 2024 was 1.6 percent higher at 190 cents per dozen from the March 2024 value of 187 cents per dozen. This contributed to a positive margin of 114 cents per dozen based on ‘nest-run’ generic eggs (ungraded as delivered from the laying house) during April 2024, compared to a positive margin of 112 cents per dozen in February 2024. The April 2024 USDA benchmark price of 190 cents per dozen should be compared to 135 cents per dozen for the corresponding month in 2023 and 234 cents per dozen in April 2022 influenced by HPAI and demand. The relatively high values from the second through fourth quarters of 2022 compared to corresponding periods for the two previous years were due to depletion of hens following the emergence of HPAI coupled with a rise in demand following relaxation of COVID restrictions and the amplification of price rises due to the benchmark costing system.

• During April 2024, the feed component of production cost averaged 35.8 cents per dozen, up 0.6 percent or 0.2 cents per dozen from March 2024. During 2023 average feed cost was 46.4 cents per dozen compared to 50.1 cents per dozen in 2022 and 42.5 cents per dozen in 2021.

• Combining data from the USDA and the EIC, producers recorded a positive margin of 114 cents per dozen at farm-level for generic-egg flocks during April 2024. This compares with a margin of 112 cents per dozen in March 2024. Cumulative average monthly algebraic nest-run margin for 2023 attained 71.5 cents. During 2022 cumulative average monthly algebraic margin attained 1,887 cents. For 2021 the cumulative average algebraic margin was 9.1 cents per dozen against USDA benchmark ‘nest run’ values.

• The simple average price of feed in April 2024 over 5-regions was $236.37 per ton, higher by $1.85 per ton or 0.8 percent reversing the 0.7 percent fall in March 2024. Southwest data is no longer disclosed to avoid compromising a company that predominates in Texas. The highest cost among five regions was the West at $283.52 per ton, was up 1.5 percent from March 2024. This may be compared to the lowest-cost region, the Midwest at $216.27 per ton, $2.79 per ton or 1.3 percent higher than the previous month. The average cost for feed includes ingredients plus milling and delivery charges.

• The benchmark price of corn was $174.95 per ton in April 2024, up $1.74 per ton or 1.7 percent from the average March 2024 price, taking into account the difference in basis paid by producers. The differential in corn price between the Midwest and the West in April 2024 was $71.30 per ton. A 0.8 percent increase of $2.91 per ton in the price of soybean meal to $377.65 per ton in April 2024 added to the higher price of corn in raising feed price and hence production cost. During April 2024 there was a differential of $67.25 per ton in feed price between the Midwest and the West compared to a difference of $65.78 per ton in March 2024 The industry has experienced sharp increases in the cost of phosphate additives, fat and vitamins since Mid- 2022.

• Feed price will continue to be a major factor driving production cost and hence margin. The April WASDE #647, released on April 10^th projected volumes for the 2024 corn and soybean harvests, ingredient use, exports and ending stocks for the two major feed ingredients. A summary of WASDE # 648 will be posted in the May 17^th edition of EGG-NEWS. Unknown factors influencing feed cost during the third quarter of 2024 will include:-
• Continued consequences of conflict in Ukraine and the Middle East with inevitable disruption in production and especially for shipping through the Black Sea and Suez Canal.
• Projections of crop yields in 2024 based on acreage planted and weather conditions. Transition to a La Nina event by mid-year may result in hot and dry weather in the Midwest
• The projected large harvests in Brazil and Argentina.
• Demand by China will influence prevailing prices in international trade.
• The availability and hence prices of ingredients will also be influenced by weather conditions in the Southern Hemisphere
• Export volume from the U.S.
• Diversion of corn to ethanol and of soy oil to biodiesel.
• The economic and logistic effects associated with inflation especially in energy and interest rates.

There is obviously higher demand for ethanol with production projected by the U.S. Energy Information Administration at 970,000 barrels per day but with an average exceeding one-million barrels per day during 2023 extending through the first quarter of 2024. Substantial exports of soybeans although with lower volumes to China, during the current 2023-2024 market year is supporting domestic price and hence contributing to the cost of egg production. Each $10 per ton difference in feed cost represents approximately 1.70 cents per dozen. A change of $1 per ton (2.8 cents per bushel) in the price of corn is reflected in a 0.11 cent per dozen change in production cost. A $10 per ton change in the price of soybean meal affects production cost by 0.35 cent per dozen.

• The EIC calculated the 4-Region (excluding the West and Southwest) adjusted total nest-run production cost in April 2024 to be 75.6 cents per dozen, 0.3 cent per dozen higher than March 2024. Production costs for conventional eggs from caged flocks during April 2024 ranged from 74.07 cents per dozen in the Midwest up to a calculated value of 84.0 cents per dozen in the West, higher than the Midwest region by approximately 10.0 cents per dozen. During 2023 the average monthly cost of production was 85.9 cents per dozen and was 81.0 cents per dozen in 2022.

Deletion of Southwest and West data is considered a substantial deficiency of the EIC Report. Given the price of feed and with appropriate assumptions values for these regions could be determined. Exclusion of cost data skews the mean for the U.S.

• National retail egg prices as determined by the Department of Commerce for March 2024 averaged 299 cents per dozen, down one cent per dozen for conventional white-shelled Large eggs compared to February 2024. During March 2022 and 2023 retail prices were respectively 201 and 421 cents per dozen. From 2017 through 2021 average retail prices did not decline in proportion to ex-farm prices, with chains imposing higher margins at retail, thereby depressing demand. Conventional supermarkets have recently demonstrated some restraint in pricing possibly due to competition from deep discounters and club stores, despite sustained demand.

APRIL 2024 COST AND UNIT REVENUE DATA FOR EGGS FROM CAGE-FREE FLOCKS*.

• The USDA ex farm benchmark blended egg price in April 2024 was 15.2 percent lower at 212 cents per dozen compared to the March 2024 value of 250 cents per dozen. This contributed to a positive margin of 116.7 cents per dozen based on ‘nest-run’ eggs (ungraded as delivered from the laying house) in April 2024, compared to a positive margin of 155.1 cents per dozen in March 2024. The April 2024 USDA benchmark nest-run price of 212 cents per dozen should be compared to 107 cents per dozen for the corresponding month in 2023 and 231 cents per dozen in April 2022 influenced by HPAI depopulation and heightened demand.

• The EIC calculated the 4-Region (excluding the West and Southwest) adjusted total nest-run production cost in April 2024 to be 95.3 cents per dozen, 0.4 cent per dozen higher than March 2024. Production costs for eggs from cage-free flocks during March 2024 ranged from 91.3 cents per dozen in the Midwest up to a value of 1034.7 cents per dozen in the West, higher than the Midwest region by 13.4 cents per dozen.

• National retail egg prices for cage-free brown as determined by the Department of Commerce for March 2024 averaged 347 cents per dozen, up 19 cents per dozen compared to February 2024. During March 2022 and 2023 retail prices were respectively 240 and 415 cents per dozen.

*Excludes Certified Organic and pastured flocks

EXPORT DATA FOR MARCH 2024 COMBINING ALL EGG CATEGORIES.

• The monthly Export Report is posted in this edition and under the STATISTICS Tab thereafter during May.

• It is presumed that almost all exports of white-shelled eggs and products are derived from caged flocks.

• According to USDA-FAS data, 308,000 cases of shell eggs were exported in March 2024, representing 1.4 percent of total production. This was a 29.4 percent increase compared to February 2024 attributed to lower prevailing domestic prices. The increase in exports was attributed to more cases to Canada, (+63,000) and to Central and South America (+4,000).

• Exports of egg products in March 2024 attained 313,000 case-equivalents, down 22.5 percent from the previous month and representing 1.4 percent of U.S. output. Decreases were attributed to lower volumes (expressed as case equivalents) to Japan (-69,000), Canada (-10,000), the E.U. (-21,000) and South Korea (-30,000). Decreases in exports were offset by increased shipments in March to Mexico (+8,000) and the rest of Asia (+23,000)

• Collectively, exports of shell eggs and products in March 2024 comprised the output from approximately 8.2 million hens in production during the month. Exports attained 620,400 case-equivalents, down 3.3 percent from February 2024 and 4.0 percent more than combined exports during the pre-HPAI first quarter of 2022 averaging 596,300 case equivalents per month.

• Maintaining export volume is attributed to cooperation between the AEB and USAPEEC, in existing, new and potential markets. Specific attention is directed to nations with the potential to import U.S. product based on landed price against competition. Exports of both egg-products and shell eggs in March 2024 corresponded to 2.6 percent of a nominal national flock of approximately 305 million producing hens, (before HPAI depletions) on commercial farms holding more than 30,000 hens.

• There is no scientifically justifiable reason why any nation should embargo pasteurized egg products from an approved plant, based on a diagnoses of H5 or H7 avian influenza or velogenic Newcastle disease in a specific state or country.