Based on the ubiquitous presence of domestic pigeons (Columba livia)  in feed storage, mixing and transport facilities and on poultry farms, a series of studies was performed to investigate the susceptibility of the species to H5N1 avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4b.  Variable doses of virus were administered to pigeons confirming resistance to other than high levels of virus.  Pigeons did not demonstrate clinical signs after infection and did not transmit virus to either contact pigeons or chickens.  Low levels of viral RNA were identified in tissues from directly inoculated pigeons but absent any obvious histologic lesions.

Based on the laboratory and contact studies, pigeons are regarded as an unlikely source of avian influenza and do not pose a significant threat of zoonosis. 

DiGenova, C. et al, Pigeons Exhibit Low Susceptibility and Poor Transmission Capacity for H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus.  bioRxiv doi.org/10.1101/2025.05.02.651910